Adult learners as digital immigrants

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide a critical overview of current research findings on the differences between digital natives and digital immigrants. The study of digital immigrants within the adult population reveals certain specificities and variations, particularly in relation to their perception and understanding of technology, as well as their comfort in using it. From the perspective of the technological revolution and the accompanying challenges of digital transformation in the 21st century, diversity among adults is inevitable. Therefore, this paper also includes an examination of the typical categories of digital immigrants: аvoiders, reluctant, enthusiasts, and innovators. The analysis presented highlights differences in the levels of digital literacy among adults and their responses to technology, focusing on both cognitive and behavioral characteristics. Numerous implications can be drawn from relevant research findings, especially in the areas of the workplace, social interactions, and adult education in a digital environment. Understanding the complex relationship between adult learners and digital tools is of crucial importance for educators who aim to foster inclusive, adaptive, and empowering learning environments that respect individual learning paths and promote digital competence. These insights can provide a solid foundation for educational policy makers and educators to align their approaches—not only to adapt to the needs of diverse adult learners, but also to influence their transformative potential.